Endnotes
1 Current Population Survey.
2 The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act was reauthorized as TEA21 when President Clinton signed it into law last month.
3 Department of Education National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 1994 and 1996.
4 School Facilities: America's Schools Report Differing Conditions.
5 Economic Report of the President, February 1998.
6 Economic Report of the President, February 1998.
7 Economic Report of the President, February 1998, Table B-33.
8 Joint Center for Sustainable Communities of the United States Conference of Mayors and National Association of Counties. The Role of Metropolitan Areas in the National Economy. March 19, 1998. Pages 2-3.
9 U.S. Census of Population and Housing.
10 Bureau of Labor Statistics.
11 Bureau of Labor Statistics.
12 Pagano, Michael A. City Fiscal Conditions in 1997. National League of Cities, June 1997.
13 National Institute of Justice, Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics, 1992 and 1996.
14 Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce, 1998.
15 1993-1996, Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) Data.
16 Current Population Survey, March Supplement, 1997.
17 Current Population Survey, March, 1997.
18 Current Population Survey, March, 1997.
19 The State of the Cities. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, June 1997.
20 Paul Kleppner, "Work After Welfare: Is the Midwest's Booming Economy Creating Enough Jobs?" Northern Illinois University, January 1998, www.ospr.niu.edu.
21 The California Budget Project: Budget Brief, May 1997, www.cbp.org.
22 Implementing Welfare Reform in American Cities.
23 Data provided by the Council of Economic Advisers and Department of Labor (June 1998), based on various studies. On average, a 2-year college degree raises earnings by 10 to 30 percent per annum, and a 4-year degree by 20 to 60 percent, over earnings predicted with a high school diploma alone.
24 See LaDonna Pavetti and Greg Acs, Moving Up, Moving Out or Going Nowhere? A Study of the Employment Patterns of Young Women. A Report to the Annie E. Casey Foundation. The Urban Institute, Washington, D.C., July 1997.
25 See Commission on the Skills of the American Workforce, America's Choice: High Skills or Low Wages! (1990) and National Center for Education and the Economy, Building a Highly Skilled Workforce: A Labor Market System for the 21st Century (1997).
26 Superfund: Extent of Nation's Hazardous Waste Problems Still Unknown. U.S. General Accounting Office, December 1987.
27 School Facilities: America's Schools Report Differing Conditions. U.S. General Accounting Office, June 1996. Page 2, note 5.
28 U.S. Department of Education, Violence and Discipline Problems in U.S. Public Schools, 1996-97. National Center for Education and Statistics, 1998.
29 Quality Counts `98, Education Week on the Web, "The Achievement Gap," 1998, Education Week analysis based on the U.S. Department of Education's Common Core of Data, www.edweek.org.
30 Rental Housing Assistance -- The Crisis Continues. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, April 1998.
31 Rental Housing Assistance -- The Crisis Continues.
32 Rental Housing Assistance -- The Crisis Continues.
33 Joint Center for Housing Studies. The State of the Nation's Housing 1998, Harvard University.
34 Doc4Kids Project. Not Safe at Home: How America's Housing Crisis Threatens the Health of Its Children. Boston Medical Center, February 1998.
35 Standard & Poor's Public Finance, December 22, 1997.
36 Economic Development Administration, Department of Commerce (1998); and Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 1999.
37 Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 1999.
38 Implementing Welfare Reform in American Cities.
39 Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce (1998).
40 Census Bureau.
41 Department of Treasury Memorandum, June 15, 1998.
42 National Academy of Sciences, The New Americans. Washington, D.C.: National Research Council.
43 See endnote 2.
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