Endnotes

1. HUD Press Release, No. 99-69, April 21, 1999.

2. Robert W. Burchell, et al., Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report 39: The Costs of Sprawl -- Revisited, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1998; Robert W. Burchell, The State of the Cities and Sprawl, report prepared for HUD, 1999.

3. This assumes an average driving speed of 30 miles per hour.

4. Economic Report of the President, February 1999.

5. Now Is the Time: Places Left Behind in the New Economy, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, April 1999, page 12.

6. HUD Press Release, No. 99-69, April 21, 1999.

7. Now Is the Time: Places Left Behind in the New Economy, page 20 and Table 13.

8. Ibid., Table 13.

9. National League of Cities, January 1999.

10. Uniform Crime Reports, January-June 1998, Federal Bureau of Investigation, December 13, 1998.

11. Interim Report on The State of the Cities, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, January 26, 1999, page 3.

12. Homicide Trends in the United States, Bureau of Justice Statistics, January 1999, page 1.

13. Criminal Victimization 1997, Bureau of Justice Statistics, December 1998, page 1.

14. To order copies of Now Is the Time: Places Left Behind in the New Economy, contact HUD USER at 1-800-245-2691 or at www.huduser.org.

15. Now Is the Time: Places Left Behind in the New Economy, Table 13.

16. Ibid., page 17.

17. Ibid., page 23.

18. Diane Ravitch, "A New Era in Urban Education?", Policy Brief Number 35, Brookings Institution, August 1998.

19. Stacy Jordan, John P. Ross, and Kurt G. Usowski, "U.S. Suburbanization in the 1980s," Regional Science and Urban Economics, October 1998, pages 611-627.

20. A Rising Tide But Some Leaky Boats, Woodstock Institute, Chicago, 1998, page i.

21. F. Kaid Benfield, Matthew D. Raimi, and Donald D. T. Chen, Once There Were Greenfields, Surface Transportation Policy Project, National Resources Defense Council, Washington, DC, 1999, page 125.

22. Robert W. Burchell, The State of the Cities and Sprawl, report prepared for HUD, 1999, page 6.

23. F. Caid Benfield, et al., Once There Were Greenfields, page 130.

24. Robert W. Burchell, The State of the Cities and Sprawl, page 6.

25. Robert W. Burchell, et al., TCRP Report 39: The Costs of Sprawl -- Revisited, page 4.

26. Peter W.G. Newman and Jeffrey R. Kenworthy, Cities and Automobile Dependence: A Sourcebook, Gower Publishing Co., 1989, p.27.

27. Robert W. Burchell, et al., Impact Assessment of the New Jersey Interim State Development and Redevelopment Plan, Report II: Research Findings, New Jersey Office of State Planning, Trenton, 1992.

28. Ibid., page 7.

29. David Rusk, Inside Game, Outside Game: Winning Strategies for Saving Urban America, Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1999, Table A-4.

30. Matthew E. Kahn, "Does Suburbanization Impose Large Social Costs?", report prepared for HUD, 1999.

31. Richard Lacayo, "The Brawl over Sprawl," Time, March 22, 1999, Vol. 153, No. 11, page 44-48.

32. F. Caid Benfield, et al., Once There Were Greenfields, page 91.

33. Estimated from the Current Population Survey.

34. This Network was empowered through the Workforce Investment Act.

35. Estimated from the Current Population Survey.